Though it only happens a few times each winter, the Norlun Trough will be up to its old tricks in parts of New England Wednesday night and Thursday and the result will be significant snow for some of us. Though a cold shot of air settles in for Friday, warmth battles back this weekend in time for our next storm to drop primarily rain across New England.
An energetic disturbance caught in the jet stream winds aloft will continue to push east out of the Great Lakes and will move over New England on Thursday. Though the system has plenty of energy aloft that has aided in cloud production, making the disturbance easily traceable on satellite imagery, until today it was virtually invisible on radar returns, which of course scan the sky in search of water droplets and ice crystals. The reason for this is rather simple - the system was starved of moisture. As it's moved east, however, a bit more moisture in the atmosphere has resulted in blossoming patches of rain and snow, looking worse on radar than what's actually been reaching the ground, largely because of the dry air in the lower few thousand feet of the sky that's been evaporating what raindrops and snowflakes have been falling. Nonetheless, bursts of moderate snow have been reported across New York and Pennsylvania, and as a southerly flow of wind increases the amount of moisture in the air across New England, snow and rain showers will develop Wednesday late afternoon and evening. At the same time, the steady south wind has help to gradually force temperatures above
freezing for many Central and Southern New England communities, with temperatures climbing well into the 40s from the South Coast to the Cape and Islands.
The incoming energetic
disturbance will split in two pieces Wednesday night, with one chunk racing just barely south of New England and
another strengthening a bit as it moves overhead. The result will be one weakening storm center coming out of the Great Lakes, and another strengthening storm center east of Cape Cod. Though both of these systems will begin
rather weak at first, an elongated counter-clockwise flow around both storm
centers will keep an easterly wind off the water into New England,
adding moisture to the atmosphere and allowing scattered snow and rain showers
to increase in coverage and intensity Wednesday night. Though many spots will be cold enough for snow showers, spots from the Boston area southward through the
South Shore and to Cape Cod and the South Coast of Connecticut will find temperatures warm enough for mostly
raindrops to fall. With a rather slow moving and consistent flow of
air around these two low pressure systems Wednesday night, expect
little change in temperature, meaning raindrops may continue to fall in
Southeastern New England most of the night with a burst of heavier rain possible on Cape Wednesday overnight, with
snowflakes farther away from the coastline, in weaker onshore flow of
air. By Thursday morning, a fresh and solid coating of snow will
probably have fallen in many areas that see cold enough air for
snowflakes, but the weather scenario will be turning far more
complicated into Thursday for some of us.
Though it's not all that common, occasionally a weather setup with
one low pressure center offshore and another inland can allow for a
weakness in the barometric pressure field between them to develop. If
that sounds confusing, remember that lower pressure usually means a
storm, so a corridor of lower pressure connecting two storm centers
could serve as a pathway for narrow stormy weather. The same concept
will be at work Wednesday night through Thursday, with a narrow band of
precipitation likely to establish where the southerly flow from the
western storm center meets the northerly flow from the eastern one,
beneath the energetic jet stream disturbance aloft and feeding off
ocean moisture. This phenomenon is referred to as a Norlun Trough - a
disturbance that has a history of producing "surprise" significant
snowfall. Historically, such Norlun troughs usually establish
somewhere between the Central coast of Maine and the Seacoast of New
Hampshire, though have occurred as far south as Cape Cod before. There is still uncertainty on where this band of snow will orient itself on Thursday, though I continue to favor the historically
favored location of the Maine and New Hampshire Seacoast, from either side of Casco Bay southward to Seabrook, with perhaps fringe effects to the far North Shore and perhaps Cape Ann,
Massachusetts. In the accumulation map below, you'll see how quickly I've dropped off accumulations south of Seabrook and Salisbury, largely because these Norlun troughs have a history of not dropping much appreciable precipitation on their south side, though on the north and northeast sides we can see a more gradual decrease in snowfall amounts, largely because of the instability that exists and favors more widespread bursts of snow, which is what I expect to see from East-Central and Southeast New Hampshire all the way through the Mid-Coast of Maine and as far north as Fryeburg on Thursday. Beneath the center of the locally heavy snow band of the Norlun Trough, as much as a foot of snow is certainly possible, and this seems most likely to line up very near to the New Hampshire/Maine border, but the truth is that this will be a "nowcasting" event, meaning placement of the exact axis of heavy snow is nearly impossible in advance, and I'll be watching the very same radar links you will on Thursday, located on the right side of this New England Weather Analysis Page. Of course, one question in the scenario I've described here is why does the National Weather Service have a winter storm watch up for interior Northeast Massachusetts if the heaviest will be focused in Maine and New Hampshire? Keep in mind that this band of snow is very difficult to locate, meaning not only will you find differences in the forecast for it, but more importantly, a government agency like the National Weather Service has set protocol for watches and warnings. A watch simply means that a winter storm COULD develop...the warning is the more imminent alarm sounding. So, given the uncertainty of exact placement of the snow band, hoisting the watch isn't a bad idea, even though I seriously doubt we'll find that much snow in the area covered, as it hangs farther to the north.
By Friday, high pressure will also build south out of Quebec and
toward New England. This dome of cold Canadian air will push temperatures into the single digits north and teens south early Friday, with the surge of cold air producing ocean effect clouds and snow showers in Southeastern Massachusetts Friday morning, then the dry air overwhelming the weather scenario and clearing the skies from northeast to southwest, leaving increasing chilly sunshine Friday afternoon.
Meanwhile, a stronger Pacific disturbance caught in the fast west to
east flow that moved ashore in Northern California on Tuesday will be
marching across the nation, ready to eject off the Eastern Seaboard at
the Mid-Atlantic coast later on Friday. This system will stay south of New England, allowing only increasing
clouds later Friday for some of Southern New England, but by Saturday, warmer air will move northward with
temperatures either side of 40 beneath sun and thickening clouds. The active jet stream will favor development of a
stronger storm later in the weekend, sweeping from the nation's midsection to Southeast Canada, and pulling a cold front east with it. Along this front, a new wave of low pressure is likely to develop and will take advantage of a tap to tropical moisture to strengthen and crank out both gusty wind and heavy rain on Sunday, but those winds will be pointed from the south and that means a mild day for many and the likelihood that the storm would fall largely as rain
Sunday. A brief shot of cool air is expected to follow before another moderation the middle to end of next week.
Farther down the line, a stormy pattern looks as though it may try to return to New England starting at the end of next week - perhaps as a warmer and somewhat wet storm - then continuing into the following week with increasing wintry precipitation.
Technical Discussion: Out soon.
Matt
Matt's Technical Discussion - Updated Wednesday, December 19, 2007 at 1:55 PM
Interesting tough battle for warmer air to move north today with warm frontogenesis occurring across CT/RI/SE MA, but warm air succeeding in making it to elevated locales like ORH and RUT. As the afternoon wears on, expecting this warmth to mix down better in many spots, but keep an eye on dewpoints as a boundary will still remain.
Incoming vort max coupled with light isentropic lift/upglide means thickening clouds but as onshore llvl flow develops and moisture is added to the system, I'm expecting more pockets of precip and more convective bursts. Mild air in SE and far Srn NewEng ensures raindrops for these spots, at least for most of the night. Onshore flow puts coastal areas marginal but near shore water temps are below 40 and with lower dewpoints not expecting much warming influence N of BOS. Even so, while precip gains coverage and in bursts gains intensity Wed Ngt, not really a prolonged period of hvy precip in any one spot, except for a few overnight hours on Cape Cod where temps will be mild enuf for mostly rain tho any convective elements could cool dynamically enuf for some flakes to mix in. The result ends up being a widespread coating for lots of spots, tho higher terrain of Northern MA and colder spots farther N will pick up an inch or so and perhaps a couple of inches higher terrain of VT. Of course, the fun just begins tonight as Norlun trof sets up by early Thu AM and lasts thru the day. The guidance has had some trouble with this feature, but my forecast has been mostly unchanged since the presence of the Norlun trough emerged in the forecast, and that's for a heavy precip axis in Srn ME to the NH Seacoast. There are a few reasons I've stuck to this and want to continue sticking to it today: 1) The NMM, which went bonkers on precip in Eastern MA yesterday, has been farther south with its 500 mb low and out of step with the majority of the guidance, so while it was really cranking out substantial snow in Eastern MA, I disregarded it. It's only now starting to come around. 2) Climatologically, the Central and Southern Coast of ME through Seacoast NH is much more strongly favored, with a few Norlun events farther south, but extremely rare to see the magnitude that was being forecasted by the NMM/WRF/MM5 so far south. 3) When taking the farther north upper low track into account, the best PVA lines up for an extended period of time from the NH Seacoast through Southwest ME. So, with the GFS now on-board and the NMM coming around, axis of heaviest QPF stays right where it "should be." Next question is how far north, south, east and west to take the precip shield. That's one parameter the guidance is still out to lunch on, I believe. With improved convective parameterization, the models do a much better job of picking up on these events, but still do a relatively poor job of a) placing them, and b) determining their coverage. Notice, though, that the higher resolution NMM, WRF and MM5 have all been painting narrower and narrower stripes of precip with each run as they get a better handle on this. With the setup on Thu, I expect convective bursts of snow to extend fairly far north and northeast of the main precip axis, but drop off sharply farther south of the trof and therefore south of the low level moist inflow, and I tried to reflect that in the accums map.
Matt